快速的视觉—正字法加工对于流畅阅读是很重要的，而且可能受到两种不同的机制（调制机制与任务效应调控）的影响。
这两种机制似乎遵循着不同的发展轨迹。对文字的粗略调制在初学阅读时非常凸显，其发生在内隐的阅读任务中，而且真词和伪词都会有类似的反应。粗略调制的这种发展模式可以推广到其他的文字系统中，正如在中文研究中所发现的结果。文字粗略调制的发展模式可以用两种不同的模型来解释。一种是局部特征探测器所引起的自下而上的加工，一种是通过自动化的自上而下的预期所引发的交互式加工。但是，两个模型对于文字的精细调制有着不同的预测。局部探测器模型预测越规则的字母串的激活越强，而交互作用说预测越不规则的字母串的激活越强。但是，对结果的解释因实验任务效应的存在而变得复杂起来。尽管ERP具有很高的时间分辨率，可以允许研究者去探查视觉—正字法加工的早期阶段，但是有研究发现ERP的早期阶段就已存在任务效应。任务效应与文字精细调制效应的重叠使得解释支持或反对两个模型的结果变得很困难。未来的研究需要找到更好的方式来控制实验任务带来的效应。
如果不考虑在正字法加工神经模型的背景下去解释那些效应，ERP测量已被证明是捕获正常及阅读障碍人群初学阅读时的重要神经活动的有用工具。本章介绍的这些成果正是未来研究的出发点。未来研究需要继续探索正字法加工的神经机制以及这些加工机制在儿童学习阅读过程中的发展模式。
摘要 Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) of the EEG have a high temporal resolution and are able to capture millisecond-to-millisecond changes of the electric fields on the scalp that are generated by neural activation.The N1 component of the ERP that occurs between about 150 and 200 ms after stimulus presentation has been shown to be sensitive to orthographic properties of visual words.Here we review how coarse and fine tuning for print occurs in adult skilled readers, how it develops in children who learn to read, and how it is impaired in dyslexia.We further discuss how these findings can be interpreted in neural models of orthographic processing, and how the findings from alphabetic languages relate to reading in Chinese.
Keywords
visual-orthographic processing, coarse neural tuning, fine neural tuning, electroencephalogram, dyslexia, development
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[1] 香港中文大学心理学系
[2] 中国科学院心理研究所